Notes on The First Three Chapters from Asking the Right Questions
《学会提问》前三章的读书笔记。
目的
提高读议论文的能力。能够和作者“对话”。能够和自己“对话”。
第一章：批判性思维
海绵 vs 淘金
- 海绵：全盘性吸收
- 淘金：选择性吸收
有正确答案的问题 vs 没有正确答案的问题
思考 vs 感受
弱批判 vs 强批判
- 弱批判就是用批判性思维来防御。保护自己的论点。
- 强批判就是用批判行思维来自虐。批判自己的固有论点。
第二三章：论点论据论证、行文结构
Topic - What is the essay / book talking about.
Issue - A question regarding the topic.
- Descriptive Issue - What / Why / … ?
- Prescriptive Issue - Should we / Must we / … ?
Conclusion - The answer of the issue.
- Indicators: Consequently, suggests that, hence, therefore, points, the truth of the matter is, …
Reasoning - In-between steps. Reasoning + Conclusion = Argument.
- Inductive Reasoning 归纳 (yields stable conclusion)
- Syllogism - 三段论。大前提 + 小前提 = 结论。
- Proof by Contradiction
- Proof by Contraposition
- Mathematical Induction
- Strong Induction
- Deductive Reasoning 演绎 (yields unstable conclusion)
- Listing reasons that support a claim
- Analogical Reasoning
- Abductive Reasoning 反演、反绎、溯因、外展、……(yields unstable conclusion)
- 动机：条件有限，只知道很少很少的事实，但是又不能干等着什么都不做。例子：侦探小说，找出杀人凶手。
- Find the best explanation.
- And see if this explanation contradicts with itself / observations.
- Observation = Anomaly.